Grammar
The Word 'Er'
Dutch 'er' has four distinct uses. It's one of the trickiest parts of the language — but once you see the pattern, it clicks.
Er cannot be translated the same way every time. It means there, acts as a pronoun replacement, counts things, and builds passive sentences. Learn each use separately.
1. Er is / Er zijn — there is / there are
Use er to introduce the existence of something, like English "there is / there are".
Rule: Use er is with singular/uncountable nouns, er zijn with plurals. Er always comes before the verb in this construction.
2. Er + preposition — replacing a thing
When a preposition refers back to a thing (not a person), Dutch combines er with the preposition into one word.
People vs things: Er + preposition is only used for things. For people, use the regular pronoun: Ik denk aan hem (I think about him) — not eraan.
All er-compounds
eraan
aan (about/on)
erop
op (on/at)
erin
in (in)
ervan
van (of/from)
ermee
met (with)
ervoor
voor (for/before)
erna
na (after)
erover
over (about/over)
ernaar
naar (to/towards)
erbij
bij (at/near)
erdoor
door (through)
eruit
uit (out of)
eronder
onder (under)
ertegen
tegen (against)
Split er: In longer sentences, er and the preposition can split: Ik denk er niet aan (I don't think about it). Er moves to an earlier position while the preposition stays at the end.
3. Partitive er — counting things
When referring to a quantity of something already mentioned, Dutch uses er before the number or quantity word. English usually says "of them".
Ik heb er drie.
I have three (of them).
I have three (of them).
Ze heeft er al twee gegeten.
She has already eaten two (of them).
She has already eaten two (of them).
Hoeveel heb jij er? Ik heb er vijf.
How many do you have? I have five.
How many do you have? I have five.
Er zijn tien appels — neem er maar een paar.
There are ten apples — take a few (of them).
There are ten apples — take a few (of them).
Ik ken er maar één.
I only know one (of them).
I only know one (of them).
Position: Partitive er comes directly before the number: Ik heb er drie. In perfect tenses it comes after the auxiliary: Ze heeft er twee gekocht.
4. Er in impersonal passive
Dutch uses er wordt / er werd + past participle to describe activities without mentioning who does them — like an impersonal notice or observation.
Er wordt hier niet gerookt.
There is no smoking here.
There is no smoking here.
Er wordt morgen vergaderd.
There will be a meeting tomorrow.
There will be a meeting tomorrow.
Er werd veel gedanst op het feest.
There was a lot of dancing at the party.
There was a lot of dancing at the party.
Er wordt aan de deur geklopt.
There is someone knocking at the door.
There is someone knocking at the door.
Er wordt hard gewerkt.
People are working hard. / There is hard work going on.
People are working hard. / There is hard work going on.